India-Israel Defence Cooperation: A Strategic Partnership
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has landed in Tel Aviv for a two-day visit to Israel starting 25 February, his second trip in eight years. He is set to address the Knesset (Parliament) amid an unprecedented deepening of ties, despite attempts to isolate the Jewish state globally, especially by Europe, and growing tensions in its relations with China. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu first announced PM Modi’s visit while addressing the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations in Jerusalem a few days ago. He lauded the “tremendous alliance between Israel and India,” adding: “We are going to discuss all sorts of cooperation. Now, you know, India is not a small country. It has 1.4 billion people. India is enormously powerful, enormously popular.” Modi’s first visit in 2017 was also the first ever by an Indian Prime Minister to the Jewish state. He and Netanyahu famously walked barefoot together on a beach to inspect a desalination facility. Netanyahu reciprocated the following year with a six-day visit to India. In 2020, India abstained for the first time on a UN resolution condemning Israeli actions in Gaza. Indian officials now refer, more openly, to Hamas as a terrorist organisation, a term they once avoided. According to international surveys, Israelis like Indians the most. There is a groundswell of pro-Israel opinion in India as well, viewing Israel as an all-weather friend. India and Israel maintain a strong strategic partnership focused on defence, agriculture and high-technology innovation, with bilateral trade reaching approximately $10 billion (excluding defence). India is one of the largest importers of Israeli military equipment, including radars, missiles and UAVs, while collaborating on water technology and food security. PM Modi’s visit would include discussions on joint development of anti-ballistic missile defence, laser weapons, and long-range stand-off missiles and drones. Recent High-Level Engagements Israeli Minister of Tourism Haim Katz, Minister of Economy and Industry Nir Barkat, Minister of Agriculture and Food Security Avi Dichter and Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich visited India in 2025 as the two strategic partners built momentum towards signing a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). In November, India and Israel inked a landmark agreement to enhance defence, industrial and technological cooperation, enabling the sharing of advanced technology to promote co-development and co-production. The Joint Working Group (JWG) of Israel and India met in Tel Aviv in November for their annual meeting, led by the Israel Ministry of Defence Director General Maj Gen Amir Baram and Indian Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh. “This strategic dialogue with India takes place at a critical juncture for both countries. Our strategic partnership is based on deep mutual trust and shared security interests. We view India as a first-rate strategic partner and are determined to continue deepening cooperation in the fields of defence, technology and industry,” Baram said after that meeting. Separately, a special panel was held with the CEOs of major defence industries, during which innovative and ground-breaking Israeli technologies were presented, along with ideas and projects aimed at deepening industrial-defence partnerships between Israel’s defence industries and India. “A wide range of areas for cooperation have been identified in the agreement that will benefit both countries. Important areas include joint planning, training, defence industrial cooperation and capabilities including Science & Technology, Research & Development, Technological Innovation, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security cooperation,” reported PTI. A Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM) delegation visited Israel from 16-19 February 2026, signing a landmark Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with SIBAT (Israel’s International Defence Cooperation Directorate) to bolster defence industrial cooperation. India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar visited Israel in December 2025. He met President Isaac Herzog, PM Netanyahu, and held bilateral consultations with his counterpart Gideon Sa’ar. The discussions revolved around bilateral and regional issues to continue deepening the strategic partnership between the two countries prior to PM Modi’s visit. Board of Peace The Board of Peace (BoP) is an international organisation with the stated purpose of promoting peacekeeping around the world. Established by US President Donald Trump and led by the Government of the United States, the board is named in United Nations Security Council Resolution 2803 as a body tasked with overseeing the processes of the Gaza peace plan. The BoP was proposed in September 2025 and formally established on the sidelines of the 56th World Economic Forum (WEF) in January 2026. Donald Trump chaired the first BoP meeting on Gaza on 19 February 2026 in Washington DC. Officials from nearly 50 countries participated. Of these, 27 countries are part of the board, while the rest, including India and the European Union, participated as observers. India was represented by its Chargé d’Affaires at the Indian Embassy in Washington DC, Namgya C Khampa. India made it clear that it is willing to engage with the Board even if it is not ready to be a full-fledged member yet. The US is pledging $10 billion for the BoP. Trump said nine other members have pledged a combined $7 billion towards a relief package for Gaza. Morocco, Kazakhstan, Kosovo and Albania pledged to send troops to Gaza, while Egypt and Jordan have said they will train personnel. The BoP is partially good for Israel, as it would end the Gaza war, de-radicalise Hamas and demilitarise Gaza. However, the composition is less reassuring, with countries such as Qatar, Turkey and Pakistan as members. In addition, there are other countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom, which have also been hostile to Israel over the past couple of years. For India, it is a case of wait and watch. Recent DAC Clearance for Israeli Systems Early in 2026, India’s Defence Acquisition Council approved an $8.7 billion procurement, including the SPICE-1000 precision-guided bombs (up to 100 km range, electro-optical guidance with 3m accuracy) from Rafael Defense Systems; Rampage air-to-surface missiles (150-250 km range, integrated on Su-30MKI and MiG-29) from Elbit Systems; Air-LORA air-launched ballistic missiles (400 km range, supersonic, fire-and-forget) from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI); and Ice Breaker missiles (up to 300 km, AI-enhanced infrared guidance for land/sea targets) from Rafael. India-Israel Defence Relations India’s establishment of diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992 greatly helped Israel emerge as a significant global defence exporter. India established formal defence ties with Israel in 1996. Ever since, there has been no looking back. Substantial progress took place in the first NDA regime, and more recently the body language between Prime Ministers Modi and Netanyahu has been extremely warm, with a clear desire to move forward. Israel and India are thus today poised to push further ahead. India is Israel’s biggest defence customer, accounting for 34 per cent of all exports between 2020 and 2024. India-Israel aerospace relations are strong, with a growing strategic partnership focused on co-development and co-production of advanced defence systems, particularly drones (UAVs), missile systems (like Barak-8/MRSAM), and radars, aligning with India’s “Make in India” or “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiatives. This makes Israel a top defence supplier while fostering indigenous Indian capabilities through significant technology transfers. Among the key areas of collaboration is the joint development of the Barak-8 MRSAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile) for land and naval forces, which is a major success story. India uses Israeli drones (Heron, Searcher) and is upgrading them (Project Cheetah) with IAI, involving technology transfer for indigenous production. There is collaboration on sophisticated radars (Phalcon AWACS), EL/M-2052 AESA radar for LCA, and some strategic electronics, including jammers. IAI is partnering with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to convert civilian aircraft into mid-air refuellers (MMTT). IAI is a major partner, setting up an Indian subsidiary (ASI) and collaborating on many projects. Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) formed a joint venture with IAI for lifecycle support of MRSAM systems. Israel’s strong support during conflicts (e.g., Kargil War) solidified ties. Joint Working Groups oversee and guide deepening cooperation, aiming for a ten-year roadmap. SPICE 1000 was the chosen weapon for the Balakot strikes. Israel is helping strengthen India’s defence capabilities against aerial threats. It has clearly positioned itself as a trusted defence partner for India. Israel is also conscious of India’s desire for self-reliance under ‘Make in India’, and unlike the US and Russia, which are often sensitive about technology transfer, Israel is more willing to share top-end technologies. Israel a Significant Aerospace Power Continuous wars and heavy external threats forced Israel to develop a large Military-Industrial Complex. A large number of companies in this otherwise small country, which is the size of Haryana and has a population (around 9.5-10 million) similar to the Indian metropolitan city of Hyderabad, are engaged in aerospace. The government-controlled Israeli defence companies are IAI and Rafael Advanced Defence Systems, and the private sector firms Elbit Systems and the Tadiran Group, all producing a wide range of conventional arms and advanced defence electronics. IAI produces aerial and astronautical systems for both military and civilian use. It has 15,000 employees, achieved record sales of $6.1 billion in 2024, and is ranked 31st among the world’s top 100 arms producers (HAL 44th). IAI designs, develops, produces and maintains civil aircraft, UAVs, fighter aircraft, missiles, avionics and space-based systems. Its main products include missile defence systems (Arrow, Barak, Iron Dome), UAVs/drones (Heron family), radar and electronic systems, satellites and space technology, special mission aircraft, and commercial aircraft services (conversions, components for business jets such as Gulfstream). Many of these products are centred on the core needs of the Israel Defence Forces (IDF), but are also exported. IAI UAVs, including the Heron, Panther, Bird Eye, Searcher and Mosquito micro UAV, among others, were deployed in Afghanistan and are also operated by India. Israel is also the only country in the world with a fully operational ground-based Theatre Ballistic Missile Defence system that uses the American Arrow anti-missile system. Israeli company Elta, a subsidiary of IAI, provides the Green Pine early-warning radar for the system. Elta also manufactures radars and airborne jammers for Indian aircraft. Tadiran (an Elbit division) produces the Communication, Control and Command centre. Rafael Advanced Defence Systems and IAI work closely on many systems. Rafael develops and produces advanced solutions for air, land, sea, space and cyber defence, including well-known systems such as air defence (Iron Dome, David’s Sling, Iron Beam Laser), active protection (Trophy), precision weapons (Spike family), and integrated command systems. Its systems are used by numerous militaries, including NATO members, and it operates through subsidiaries and global cooperation. Iron Dome is an all-weather mobile air defence system with a range of 70 km, and played a significant role in the Israel-Gaza conflict ‘Operation Protective Edge’ of July 2014 and the more recent “Operation Swords of Iron”. The system consists of the Elta radar and Rafael’s interceptor missile, and had a success rate of 90 per cent against rockets fired by Hamas. Rafael’s missiles include the Python and Derby air-to-air missiles; surface-to-air systems including the Spyder; and the Barak anti-missile naval air defence system developed jointly with IAI. Rafael also manufactures the Litening and TopLite navigation and targeting pods, and the RecceLite real-time reconnaissance pod. Under a 2008 agreement, Rafael was awarded a contract to supply the IAF with Spyder Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile systems (LLQRM) armed with Python and Derby missiles. In March 2010, the two countries signed a $1.4 billion contract for the development and procurement of Barak 8 medium-range surface-to-air missiles. Rafael today partners extensively with Indian firms such as Kalyani (KRAS), Astra Microwave (ARC) and L&T to localise production of high-technology defence systems, including Spike missiles, SDRs and the Trophy APS. Elbit Systems Ltd is the primary provider of the Israeli military’s land-based equipment and unmanned aerial vehicles, with subsidiary factories around the world, and sells its products to various countries. It develops technologies for military command, control, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance purposes. The company produces unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), electro-optics hardware, electronic warfare equipment, signal intelligence (SIGINT) systems, and radio and communications products. Elbit Hermes 450/900 systems are manufactured in India through a joint venture with the Adani Group. Elbit Systems had 20,000 employees, with 3,200 of them based in the United States. Elbit Systems reported $6.8 billion in revenue for the full year 2024 (HAL $4 billion). India’s Israel Air & Space Connect The Indian Air Force (IAF) was the first to invest in Israeli Air Combat Instrumentation in 1996. This was followed by Dvora patrol boats for the Indian Navy. The BJP-led NDA government in 1998 took the relationship to a new level. Ever since, India has purchased the Barak naval anti-missile defence system, Phalcon advanced airborne early warning radars for India’s IL-76-based AWACS, Heron and Searcher Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), night vision goggles, Spyder quick-reaction surface-to-air missiles, smart munitions, SPICE and Crystal Maze missiles, Green Pine early-warning and fire-control radars, and many other items such as laser guidance kits, head-up displays, targeting pods, PGM laser guidance kits, FLIR equipment, integrated helmets, among others. The IAF also acquired the Israeli Harpy and loitering Harop loitering munitions. Israel supports India’s indigenous air defence systems development, including the Anti-Ballistic Missile system. Israel also supported India in space-based sensors (RISAT) and intelligence. Israeli Arms Sales Israel is a major global arms exporter, ranking as the world’s eighth largest during the period 2020-2024. In the period 2020-2024, states in Asia and Oceania accounted for 33 per cent of all arms imports globally. India was the second largest importer in this period after Ukraine. Over the last decade (2014-2024), India significantly shifted its sourcing, reducing reliance on Russia (from 72 per cent to 36 per cent) towards Western suppliers such as France, the US and Israel. In the period 2020-2024, Israel contributed nearly 15 per cent of Indian defence imports. Israel has long been a global leader, often the top exporter, in military UAVs/drones due to early adoption, innovation and necessity as a small nation facing defence challenges, with major players such as IAI and Elbit Systems dominating the market, though now facing rising competition from countries such as Turkey. I2U2 I2U2 is a strategic economic partnership between India, Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the United States, once called the “New Quad” or “Middle East Quad”. Established in 2022, it focuses on joint investments in areas such as water, energy, transportation, space, health and food security, leveraging the members’ technological strengths (Israel/US technology, India’s IT and human capital, UAE investment) to promote economic development, innovation and regional stability. During the “Trump-2” Administration, I2U2 has slowed down somewhat as America attempts to revive its economy by balancing trade through heavy tariffs. To Summarise India and Israel have congruence on many geopolitical issues. While Israel is very close to the US, it is conscious of the pro-Palestinian positions and opposition to Israel among many European countries. Israel maintains “practical” and balanced relations with both Russia and China. India hopes that the Israel-Gaza and other conflicts in the region do not continue for long. This is important for India’s uninterrupted defence supplies and defence partnership. Israel has faced threats to its existence from surrounding Arab nations that support the Palestinian cause. India now faces a three-front threat from China, Pakistan (Islamic bomb), and a less-friendly Bangladesh. Multiple sources, including former CIA officers and declassified intelligence reports, detail an alleged plan in the 1980s in which Israel offered to help India destroy Pakistan’s uranium enrichment facility at Kahuta. Israel feared the development of an “Islamic bomb” and the potential proliferation of nuclear technology to hostile Middle Eastern countries such as Libya. More recently, Israel, Cyprus and Greece have developed a strong trilateral strategic partnership focused on security, defence, energy (gas and electricity grids) and technology, often seen as a counterbalance to regional instability and Turkish assertiveness in the Eastern Mediterranean. Turkey and Pakistan have been working very closely. India too is concerned about this nexus. India has also been working more closely with Greece and Cyprus. India and Israel could coordinate more closely in the Mediterranean. The success of any military operation is heavily dependent on accurate intelligence. The Israeli Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations, popularly known as Mossad, is a world-acclaimed intelligence agency. It has contributed significantly to the success of Israeli military operations. India needs to have a near equivalent but more robust set-up. Continuous Israeli military training follows the dictum, “the more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in war.” Expecting war at short notice, Israel maintains high weapons stockpiles and has secured supply chains. India has begun doing the same. The world has a lot to learn from Israel regarding close combat in an urban environment, as seen especially in Gaza and South Lebanon. Israel has practised the criticality of organic lethality and rapid engagement, the ability to responsively employ precision fires in close proximity to friendly forces, and giving higher priority to air-delivered fires. Israel has experienced both intelligence and military failures and has constantly sought to learn from them and make amends. Israel has no illusions about a permanent resolution to the conflict. As has often been observed, eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. Israel believes in “planning for the day after”. “Iron Beam” is a 100kW-class High Energy Laser Weapon System (HELWS) expected to become the first operational system in its class. It quickly and effectively engages and neutralises a wide array of threats from ranges of hundreds of metres to several kilometres. Engaging at the speed of light, Iron Beam has an unlimited magazine, with almost zero cost per interception, and causes minimal collateral damage. Iron Beam can be integrated with a range of platforms and can become part of any multilayer defence system. India should work with Israel on this. Israeli SPICE glide vehicles were used for the Balakot strike. Harop loitering munitions were extensively used in “Operation Sindoor.” The Special Forces of the two countries work together and use similar equipment. The two countries work closely on cyber warfare equipment and software tools. For India, Israel remains a very reliable, ‘no-questions-asked’ defence systems supplier. Joint ventures are today the preferred route. India is a significant market. ‘Make in India’ is cheaper and also fits into India’s “aatmanirbharta” thrust. Future India-Israel defence cooperation will focus heavily on joint development, co-production and technology transfer in cutting-edge areas such as AI, cyber and drones, shifting from a buyer-seller model to a strategic partnership, solidified by recent MoUs for advanced systems such as hypersonic defence, enhanced UAVs (Heron upgrades), and integrated defence ecosystems, aiming for self-reliance and enhanced operational capabilities against terrorism. (The writer is former Director General, Centre for Air Power Studies. Views expressed in the above piece are personal and solely those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect Firstpost’s views.) 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